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| HS Code | 465966 |
| Casnumber | 63449-39-8 |
| Chemicalformula | Variable chlorinated n-alkanes |
| Appearance | Colorless to light yellow viscous liquid or white powder |
| Odor | Mild characteristic odor |
| Chlorinecontent | 40-70% |
| Density | 1.1-1.7 g/cm3 at 20 C |
| Viscosity | 100-1000 mPa.s at 25 C |
| Boilingpoint | >200 C (decomposes) |
| Flashpoint | >180 C |
| Refractiveindex | 1.500-1.520 at 20 C |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents |
| Volatility | Low |
| Moisturecontent | ≤0.1% |
| Acidity | ≤0.1 mg KOH/g |
| Thermalstability | Stable under normal conditions |
As an accredited Chlorinated Paraffin CP factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
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Flexible PVC cable sheathing compounds formulated for IEC 60332-1-2:2015 vertical flame propagation on single cables use a chlorinated paraffin grade with 52 wt% chlorine as a secondary plasticizer and halogen donor. In a production-scale formulation with 100 phr suspension PVC resin, dioctyl terephthalate is reduced from 50 phr to 35 phr, and 15 phr chlorinated paraffin is added with 3 phr antimony trioxide, 5 phr calcium-zinc stabilizer, 0.5 phr oxidized polyethylene wax, and 0.3 phr phenolic antioxidant. The relevant compliance matrix includes IEC 60754-1:2018 for halogen acid gas content, RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II for restricted substances, and EN 50525-1:2011 for low-voltage energy cable materials. The dry blend is fluxed in a high-intensity mixer to 115°C, cooled to 45°C, and compounded on a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 25:1 and a barrel temperature profile of 150–175°C. Sheathing is extruded onto insulated conductors at 165–185°C melt temperature using a single-screw extruder with a barrier screw and 3:1 compression ratio. On 65 mm single-screw sheathing lines, higher chlorinated paraffin addition is observed to reduce melt pressure and increase die swell; screw speed is adjusted to maintain wall thickness. End products include building wire, automotive primary wire, appliance cord jackets, and control cable sheathing. Chlorinated paraffin addition above 20 phr reduces tensile strength and is unsuitable for transparent sheathing; formulations rated for continuous service at 105°C require increased heat stabilizer concentration.
In non-EU jurisdictions and in EU aplications using long-chain chlorinated paraffin grades, chlorinated paraffin remains functional in metal-removal fluids where the matrix is classified under ISO 6743-7:2018. The governing test methods are ASTM D2783-21 four-ball extreme-pressure evaluation and ASTM D3233-19 pin-and-vee block load-carrying measurement. In heavy-duty neat cutting oil, chlorinated paraffin with 40–52 wt% chlorine is incorporated at 5–15 wt% of the finished oil. In water-miscible emulsifiable oil concentrate, the oil-phase addition is 10–25 wt%, yielding 0.5–2.5 wt% active chlorine in the diluted 5–10 vol% emulsion. Compounding is performed in a 5,000 L jacketed stainless steel vessel at 45–55°C; the chlorinated paraffin is metered after the sulfurized fatty oil and before the emulsifier package, with a high-shear disperser running at 1,500 rpm for 30 min. The finished concentrate is filtered through 10 µm cartridge filters. At point of use, a proportioning pump blends the concentrate into water. Below 15°C ambient temperature, chlorinated paraffin with 52 wt% chlorine can increase concentrate viscosity beyond pumpability; heat tracing or pre-dilution with a low-viscosity ester is used. Incoming lots are titrated by X-ray fluorescence or combustion-ion chromatography before batching because batch-to-batch chlorine content variation greater than ±1 wt% shifts the four-ball weld point. End products include broaching oils, tapping fluids, cold-forming emulsions, and wire-drawing lubricants. Chlorinated paraffin-based fluids are not used on titanium alloys because of chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking risk. Copper-based alloys require benzotriazole or tolyltriazole corrosion inhibitors, and sump pH is maintained at 8.5–9.2 to neutralize hydrochloric acid generated at the tool-chip interface.
A typical cover compound for underground conveyor belting uses a 100 phr rubber blend of styrene-butadiene rubber and chloroprene rubber in a 70/30 ratio, 10–18 phr chlorinated paraffin with 70 wt% chlorine, 4–8 phr antimony trioxide, 40–60 phr alumina trihydrate, 5–10 phr zinc borate, 5 phr zinc oxide, 1 phr stearic acid, and a sulfur/DPG/MBTS cure system. The flame propagation requirement is evaluated under ISO 340:2013; underground-use electrical and flammability safety is assessed under EN 14973:2015. Mixing is carried out in an internal mixer with a 45 L net chamber volume, 0.75 fill factor, rotor speed 40 rpm, and dump temperature 120–130°C. The cure package is added on a two-roll mill at 60–65°C to avoid scorch. The cover sheet is calendered to 4–6 mm onto a polyester/nylon carcass and vulcanized in a continuous rotary press at 150–160°C for 20–30 min. Two-roll mill banding becomes difficult when chlorinated paraffin exceeds 20 phr because the cover stock loses nerve and adheres to the front roll; roll temperature differential is widened to 10°C and a low-volume process aid is added. End products include underground coal mine conveyor belts, fire-resistant rubber lagging, and flame-resistant sheet rubber. Above 25 phr chlorinated paraffin, the vulcanizate may fail low-temperature brittleness under ISO 812:2017, and the compound is not selected for cold-region conveyor systems.
Solvent-borne intumescent coatings for structural steel fire protection combine a chlorinated paraffin grade with 70 wt% chlorine, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine. Fire performance is classified under EN 13501-1:2018 class B–s1,d0 or verified for load-bearing steel under EN 13381-8:2013; North American assemblies are controlled by ASTM E119-22 and ASTM E84-23. In a high-build formulation, 4–12 wt% chlorinated paraffin is dispersed in an epoxy or acrylic binder system, and the ratio to antimony trioxide is 3:1–4:1. Total solids are maintained at 65–75 wt%, and dry film thickness ranges from 300 µm to 1,500 µm depending on the structural steel section factor. The premix is prepared in a high-speed disperser with tip speed 18–22 m/s; the intumescent fillers are then ground through a horizontal bead mill to a Hegman gauge of 5–6. Airless spray equipment with a 45:1 pressure ratio applies 400–500 µm wet film per coat, and recoating occurs within 24 h at 20°C and 50% relative humidity. The steel substrate is blast-cleaned to Sa 2½ in ISO 8501-1:2007 and primed. Bead mill back-pressure rises when chlorinated paraffin is charged before the resin is fully solvated; therefore the chlorinated paraffin is added after the resin and solvent are pre-mixed for 5 min. End products include structural steel columns and beams, fire doors, petrochemical vessel skirts, and marine bulkheads. Exterior exposure causes chalking and loss of intumescent char under ultraviolet light, so an elastomeric topcoat is mandatory. Chlorinated paraffin-based intumescent coatings are not used on stainless steel substrates without an epoxy barrier because halide release can promote pitting under wet conditions.
In a two-part polysulfide base, chlorinated paraffin with 52 wt% chlorine is added at 10–25 phr based on polysulfide polymer, replacing a portion of butyl benzyl phthalate or chlorinated diphenyl plasticizer while total plasticizer is maintained at 35–45 phr. The curing paste contains manganese dioxide, dibutyl phthalate, and sulfur activator at 8–12 phr of base. The classification requirements for construction sealants are given in ISO 11600:2002; elastomeric joint sealants are tested under ASTM C920-18, and insulating glass units are controlled by EN 1279-4:2018. The base component is produced in a planetary vacuum mixer at 25–35°C and −0.09 MPa absolute pressure. Chlorinated paraffin is pre-dried at 80°C to less than 0.1 wt% moisture before addition. The two components are mixed in the ratio specified by the manufacturer and cured at 23°C and 50% relative humidity for 14 days before physical property verification. Vacuum loss during chlorinated paraffin addition is observed in planetary mixers when moisture exceeds 0.2 wt%, producing surface bubbles in the cured bead. End products include insulated glass units, expansion joint sealants, canal and reservoir joints, and airport apron joints. Chlorinated paraffin migration can stain adjacent natural stone and soften certain asphalt-based substrates; it is not placed in direct contact with silicone-based glazing without adhesion testing. Heat aging at 70°C for 5,000 h under ISO 188:2011 increases Shore A hardness, and the addition level is reduced for high-movement sealant classifications.
In the fatliquoring float, 3–8 wt% long-chain chlorinated paraffin based on wet-blue weight is applied, usually combined with phospholipid and synthetic ester fatliquors. The long-chain grade has 45–52 wt% chlorine and a carbon chain length of C18–C30. Restriction compliance is governed by EU POPs Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 Annex I for short-chain chlorinated paraffins, while chlorinated paraffin determination in leather is performed under ISO 18219-1:2021. The ZDHC MRSL v3.1 and OEKO-TEX LEATHER STANDARD set residue limits for short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins. The wet-blue leather is neutralized to pH 4.5–5.0, then fatliquored in a 2.5 m drum at 6–8 rpm using a float ratio of 100–150% at 50–55°C for 45–60 min. Fixation is carried out with 85% formic acid added in three portions to pH 3.4–3.6, followed by setting out, vacuum drying at 60°C, and conditioning. In production drums, long-chain chlorinated paraffin with 52 wt% chlorine has lower emulsification stability than sulfited fatliquors; if pH rises above 5.5, the liquor may break and deposit as a greasy layer on the hide. Drum uptake is monitored by chemical oxygen demand or oil-grease analysis of the spent float. End products include automotive upholstery leather, shoe upper leather, furniture leather, and bookbinding leather. Long-chain chlorinated paraffin is not readily biodegradable, so spent floats require treatment in an activated sludge plant with oil-water separation. It is not used for chrome-free white leathers where lightfastness and fogging performance are controlled by automotive OEM standards.
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Chlorinated Paraffin CP describes a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (MCCP) product family obtained by radical chlorination of n-paraffin feedstocks with chain lengths predominantly in the C14–C17 range. The commercial designation “CP” is followed by a numerical suffix corresponding to nominal chlorine content; the suffix does not indicate molecular weight or chain length. The product family is identified under generic CAS 63449-39-8, while medium-chain grades with a C14–C17 carbon distribution are more specifically assigned CAS 85535-85-9 under EU REACH. The product is supplied as a clear, pale-yellow to amber viscous liquid for grades at 42 wt% to 52 wt% chlorine and as a waxy solid for grades approaching 70 wt% chlorine. The chlorination reaction is exothermic; production-scale reactors maintain temperature below 110 °C and employ ultraviolet or azo initiators to control radical substitution and limit chain scission. The resulting chlorinated paraffin is a complex mixture with statistically distributed chlorine atoms; CP grades are therefore defined by average molecular weight, chlorine content, viscosity, acid value, and heat stability rather than by a single formula.
The common industrial designations CP-42, CP-52, and CP-70 differ primarily by nominal chlorine content. CP-42 contains 42 ± 1 wt% chlorine, retains the lowest viscosity, and is used where plasticizer efficiency and low-temperature flexibility outweigh flame retardance. CP-52 at 52 ± 1 wt% chlorine provides a balance of solvation, viscosity, and halogen content and is the workhorse grade for flexible PVC and coatings. CP-70 at 70 ± 2 wt% chlorine is a high-viscosity or solid material used principally as a flame-retardant additive in rubber, intumescent coatings, and engineering thermoplastics. Density increases with chlorine content from approximately 1.16 g/cm³ for CP-42 to 1.25–1.30 g/cm³ for CP-52 and 1.50–1.60 g/cm³ for CP-70 at 25 °C when measured by ISO 12185. Kinematic viscosity rises nonlinearly: CP-42 is typically supplied at 300–800 mm²/s, CP-52 at 500–1500 mm²/s at 25 °C, and CP-70 is a solid with softening range 80–110 °C as reported on supplier certificates of analysis. These ranges shift slightly with broad-cut paraffin feedstocks or higher branched-chain content.
Table 1 summarizes supplier certificate-of-analysis acceptance windows for the three grades. These ranges are typical for narrow-cut C14–C17 feedstock products and may shift with broad-cut paraffin or branched feedstock.
| Property | CP-42 | CP-52 | CP-70 | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorine content | 42 ± 1 wt% | 52 ± 1 wt% | 70 ± 2 wt% | Combustion IC; ASTM D808 |
| Density at 25 °C | 1.16–1.18 g/cm³ | 1.25–1.30 g/cm³ | 1.50–1.60 g/cm³ | ISO 12185 |
| Kinematic viscosity at 25 °C | 300–800 mm²/s | 500–1500 mm²/s | Solid | ISO 3104 |
| Acid value | ≤0.05 mg KOH/g | ASTM D974 | ||
| Appearance at 25 °C | Clear to pale yellow, free of visible water and sediment | Visual | ||
Batch-to-batch variation is controlled by feedstock carbon distribution; feedstocks containing more than 5 wt% branched paraffins produce higher acid values after accelerated aging and require stabilizer addition at 0.1–0.5 phr. Storage in unlined carbon steel above 40 °C is not recommended because slow dehydrochlorination releases trace hydrogen chloride; iron contamination can then exceed 10 mg/kg. Nitrogen blanketing at 2–5 kPa gauge is used in plant storage to maintain neutral pH and limit oxidative color drift.
In plastisol and dry-blend flexible PVC, CP-52 is introduced at 5–25 phr as a secondary plasticizer to replace a fraction of dioctyl phthalate or diisononyl phthalate. The replacement increases plastisol viscosity because CP-52 has lower solvating capacity than phthalate esters; Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm and 25 °C can rise by 10–30% depending on filler level and PVC K-value. Gelation temperature measured by differential scanning calorimetry at 10 K/min shifts upward by approximately 5–12 °C, and gelation time in a laboratory plastisol oven at 180 °C may extend by 30–60 s. On a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 30:1 and screw speed 40 rpm, melt pressure can rise by 5–10 bar when CP-52 displaces 10 phr diisononyl phthalate in a 50 mm machine. Tensile properties after compression molding per ISO 527-2 show retention of elongation at break above 300% when CP-52 replacement is limited to 15 phr; at higher loadings, low-temperature brittleness sensitivity increases, and formulations may fail impact criteria under ASTM D746 at 0 °C. Plasticizer compatibility under compression is assessed by ASTM D3291; exudation is not observed below 20 phr in a suspension PVC formulation with K-value 67 and 50 phr dioctyl phthalate after 72 h at 70 °C. Migration into high-density polyethylene measured by total immersion at 40 °C for 10 days is lower for CP-52 than for dioctyl adipate but higher than for polymeric plasticizers. Compared with triaryl phosphate flame-retardant plasticizers, CP-52 has lower solvating power and a larger low-temperature flexibility penalty at equal hardness; phosphate esters are preferred where low-smoke and low-acid-gas combustion characteristics are specified, while CP grades are selected for chlorine-based flame retardancy and hydrocarbon-like plasticizer behavior.
In ethylene-vinyl acetate and plasticized PVC compounds, CP-52 and CP-70 are combined with antimony trioxide at antimony trioxide to CP mass ratios of 1:3 to 1:4 to promote the halogen-radical trapping pathway. Limited oxygen index values measured by ISO 4589-2 rise from 18–20 vol% for unfilled EVA to 28–32 vol% when 30 phr CP-70 and 7.5 phr antimony trioxide are dispersed homogeneously. Cone calorimetry per ISO 5660-1 at 35 kW/m² external heat flux shows a reduction in peak heat release rate from approximately 1,100 kW/m² to 500–700 kW/m² for a 3 mm compression-molded EVA sheet, although total smoke release may increase. Thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen at 10 K/min places the main decomposition step of CP-52 between 200 °C and 320 °C, overlapping the first PVC dehydrochlorination region and releasing HCl before char formation; this overlap is critical to flame inhibition. In rigid PVC, CP-52 is not the primary flame retardant because the base polymer already contains 56.8 wt% chlorine; the additive functions mainly as a viscosity reducer and processing aid. In EVA cable compounds, co-addition of 5–10 phr zinc borate is used to suppress afterglow and to stabilize char formed during cone calorimetry.
Neat cutting oils and water-emulsifiable metalworking fluids contain chlorinated paraffin CP at 2–10 wt% as an extreme-pressure additive. Under boundary lubrication, the additive reacts with freshly cut metal surfaces at local flash temperatures above 220 °C to form a low-shear metal chloride film. Four-ball extreme-pressure tests per ASTM D2783 report a weld-load increase from 160 kg for a chlorinated paraffin-free naphthenic base oil to 250–315 kg when 5 wt% CP-52 is present. The coefficient of friction, measured on a ball-on-disk tribometer at 50 N normal load and 100 mm/s sliding speed, decreases from 0.09 to 0.05 after running-in. The additive is not recommended for aluminum alloys containing more than 5 wt% magnesium; excessive aluminum chloride formation creates sticky wear debris and raises surface roughness. Mist and dermal exposure controls follow the supplier safety data sheet; medium-chain chlorinated paraffin grades are not suitable for uncontrolled metalworking fluid release because of environmental persistence concerns.
Chlorinated paraffin CP is distinguished from short-chain chlorinated paraffins, which are restricted under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and under EU Regulation (EU) 2019/1021. Medium-chain grades with carbon chain lengths C14–C17 are not presently listed under the Stockholm Convention but are subject to EU REACH substance evaluation as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic candidates; downstream users must verify registration dossiers and any authorization or restriction conditions. Long-chain chlorinated paraffins with chain lengths above C20 have lower water solubility and slower degradation rates; their regulatory status differs primarily because of molecular weight and bioaccumulation potential. A product described only as “CP” should be accompanied by a full chain-length distribution and chlorine content certificate; generic CAS 63449-39-8 alone does not distinguish SCCP, MCCP, or LCCP content. Homologue distribution by gas chromatography with electron-capture negative-ion mass spectrometry can be reported according to ISO 18219 to demonstrate SCCP content below 0.1% by mass. In the United States, chlorinated paraffins are listed under TSCA; importers and formulators must confirm that no short-chain content exceeds applicable reporting thresholds. For food-contact use, chlorinated paraffin CP is not cleared under FDA 21 CFR for direct food contact; use is limited to industrial polymers and coatings.
Chlorinated paraffin CP should not be processed with strong bases or amine-based stabilizers at temperatures above 150 °C; nucleophilic dehydrochlorination accelerates autocatalytic HCl release and can produce brown discoloration within 5–15 min on a heated two-roll mill. Compounds containing zinc stearate are also avoided in CP-rich systems because zinc chloride formed during degradation is a Lewis acid catalyst that accelerates PVC dehydrochlorination; this incompatibility is confirmed by Congo red stability tests per ISO 182-1, where zinc-containing stabilizer systems show significantly shorter color-change times. Pre-drying is not required for CP-52 in sealed containers; however, warm storage above 35 °C under high humidity increases water absorption to 0.1–0.3 wt%, which can create micro-voids in extruded profiles at die temperatures above 190 °C. In plastisol formulations, moisture content shall be maintained below 0.2 wt% as measured by Karl Fischer titration per ISO 15512. Published data for specific injection-molding clamp-force changes with CP addition is limited.
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