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| HS Code | 692454 |
| Product Name | Dioctyl Adipate |
| Abbreviation | DOA |
| Chemical Name | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate |
| Synonyms | Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate; DEHA; Adipic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester; Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate |
| Cas Number | 103-23-1 |
| Ec Number | 203-090-1 |
| Molecular Formula | C22H42O4 |
| Molecular Weight | 370.57 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless to pale yellow oily liquid |
| Odor | Mild, characteristic ester odor |
| Boiling Point | 417 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | -67 °C |
| Density | 0.925 g/cm³ at 20 °C |
| Refractive Index | 1.447 at 20 °C |
| Viscosity | 13.5 mPa·s at 20 °C |
| Flash Point | 206 °C (closed cup) |
| Autoignition Temperature | 377 °C |
| Solubility In Water | Insoluble (<0.1 mg/L at 20 °C) |
| Solubility In Organic Solvents | Soluble in alcohols, ethers, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons |
| Vapor Pressure | 2.6 × 10⁻⁷ mmHg at 25 °C |
| Logp | 8.1 |
As an accredited Dioctyl Adipate DOA factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
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In calendered flexible PVC films required to retain ductility at freezer temperatures, dioctyl adipate functions as a secondary plasticizer in co-plasticized systems where a primary ester such as diisononyl phthalate or dioctyl terephthalate supplies the bulk solvation. Calendering trials on four-roll L-type lines with roll surface temperatures between 165°C and 185°C and friction ratios of 1.05:1 to 1.25:1 demonstrate that replacing 20–35 phr of the primary plasticizer with DOA lowers the Clash-Berg torsional stiffness inflection by approximately 8–15°C without reducing line speed below 20 m/min when total plasticizer loading stays within 45–70 phr. Compliance for EU cold-chain packaging interlayers is evaluated under Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 as amended, with overall migration testing performed according to EN 1186-1:2002 and specific migration of the bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate isomer controlled under EN 13130-1:2004 when the converted film is placed in contact with food-contact media; for non-food industrial containment, REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII restrictions and RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU phthalate thresholds apply to articles exported to EU markets. The downstream conversion of DOA-containing dry-blend PVC comprises hot mixing in a high-speed turbo mixer to 120–135°C, cooling in a cold mixer to 40–60°C, then continuous fluxing and calendering into film; gauge control across 0.08–0.50 mm is maintained by offline beta-scanning and automatic roll-bending correction. Finished product types include freezer-grade flexible barrier film, industrial pond-liner membranes, strip-door panels, and cold-room curtain sheeting.
Plastisol spread-coating lines processing DOA-containing formulations observe that the ester produces Brookfield viscosities 15–30% lower than equivalent diisononyl phthalate plastisols at the same plasticizer volume fraction, a consequence of the branched adipate ester’s lower molecular weight and weaker polymer-solvent interaction with PVC. Typical formulation addition in knife-over-roll or reverse-roll spread coating is 30–55 phr total plasticizer, of which DOA constitutes 15–25 phr as a low-viscosity co-plasticizer; above 25 phr of DOA, gel-point depression becomes excessive, causing oven drop-through on open-mesh scrim lines and blocking of rolled goods. Compliance for these articles generally falls under REACH Annex XVII and ISO 9001:2015 process-control documentation, with VOC emission levels during gelation audited against EN 16516:2017 or national equivalents for volatile organic constituent release into indoor air. Downstream production runs dispersion in a vacuum mixer under 40–70 mbar absolute pressure, followed by knife-over-roll coating at 0.3–0.8 mm wet thickness, then a two-zone tunnel oven with first-zone temperature 120–140°C and second-zone temperature 160–185°C to obtain full fusion; residence times of 60–120 s are typical. Terminal finished product types include cushioned vinyl flooring with cellular foam interlayers, PVC synthetic leather for automotive interior trim, and coated textile tarpaulins.
PVB interlayer producers formulating plasticized polyvinyl butyral for laminated safety glass use dioctyl adipate as a low-temperature plasticizer segment in mixed plasticizer packages, typically combining DOA with tetraethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate or dibutyl sebacate to balance penetration resistance and impact energy transfer under sub-zero conditions. Addition levels in PVB resin are reported in commercial processing ranges of 20–38 phr, with DOA limited to 10–18 phr within that total because higher free adipate content lowers interlayer tensile strength and raises haze values above automotive glazing limits after autoclave cycling. Relevant compliance standards include ISO 12543-2:2021 for laminated glass interlayer performance, UNECE Regulation No 43 for road-vehicle glazing, and ANSI/SAE Z26.1 for motor-vehicle safety glazing in North American markets. The downstream manufacturing sequence includes co-extrusion of PVB melt through an L/D 36:1 twin-screw extruder with melt pump and slot die to form 0.76 mm to 1.52 mm sheeting, controlled moisture conditioning to 0.30–0.45 wt% residual water, then vacuum-bag or nip-roll de-airing and autoclave lamination at 1.2–1.4 MPa and 135–145°C for 60–120 min. Finished products include automotive windshield interlayers, architectural hurricane-resistant laminated glass, and acoustic-damping interlayers for mass transit glazing.
Nitrile rubber compounds for aerospace and automotive fuel-contact seals incorporate dioctyl adipate as an ester plasticizer to reduce the glass transition temperature of the cured matrix; however, the addition level is bounded by fuel extraction and volume swell limits under ASTM D471-16a Reference Fuel C. In compounds based on 34% ACN content NBR, DOA addition of 5–12 phr lowers brittleness point by 10–18°C compared to the unplasticized control, while addition above 15 phr typically raises volume swell in IRM 903 oil beyond 20% and reduces Shore A hardness by more than 8 points, pushing vulcanizates outside ASTM D2000 M2BG classification limits. Compliance for fuel-contact articles is anchored to ASTM D2000-18 line-call-out specifications and SAE J200 elastomer classification requirements, with REACH Article 33 declarations required where SVHC plasticizers are not used. Production mixing is performed in an internal mixer with ram pressure 0.45–0.60 MPa, dump temperature 150–170°C, followed by open-mill banding and compression molding at 170–180°C and 7–12 MPa for 8–15 min. Terminal parts include fuel line O-rings, carburetor diaphragms, hydraulic accumulator bladders, and cryogenic gasket sets.
Within solvent-borne adhesive and sealant manufacturing, dioctyl adipate is introduced as a resin-compatible plasticizer that retards film embrittlement in low-temperature bonding applications; formulation addition ranges from 5–15 wt% of wet adhesive solids, with upper limits set by open-time extension and cleavage strength loss. Compliance for solvent-borne adhesives in food-contact laminate construction is evaluated under FDA 21 CFR 175.105 when the adhesive is separated from food by a functional barrier, with residual solvent quantification performed by gas-chromatographic methods aligned to ISO 11890-2:2020; EU downstream users may also apply Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 CLP classification for workplace exposure. Production equipment includes high-shear dissolver blades operating at 1000–1500 rpm for resin cut dissolution, followed by cartridge filtration at 5–25 µm nominal retention and automated viscosity adjustment to 3,000–6,000 mPa·s for trowel-grade sealants. Terminal finished product types include polychloroprene spray adhesives for automotive headliner lamination, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives for cold-temperature label stock, and butyl/DOA hybrid sealants for insulated glass edge seals.
Blenders introducing dioctyl adipate into industrial ester stocks observe that the ester’s pour point below −60°C and kinematic viscosity of approximately 13–16 mm²/s at 40°C make it suitable as a low-temperature viscosity modifier in ISO VG 32 and VG 46 gear oils; however, high-water exposure in metalworking systems accelerates ester hydrolysis, so stable emulsions above 40°C require buffered pH 8.2–9.0 and borate-based corrosion packages. The addition ratio for DOA in lubricant blending ranges from 10–25 wt% as a co-basestock in mineral-oil-based circulating oils, or 70–95 wt% as the dominant ester basestock in specialty low-torque gear formulations; in metalworking-fluid concentrates, DOA is limited to 3–8 wt% because higher ester fractions destabilize hard-water emulsion droplet size distributions. Compliance is specified under ISO 6743-4:2015 for industrial gear oil classification and DIN 51524-2 for HLP hydraulic oil performance, while ecotoxicity and ready biodegradability data are determined by OECD 301B or OECD 202 as referenced in EU Ecolabel assessments. Downstream processing includes heated blending at 50–65°C with mechanical agitation 300–500 rpm, followed by depth filtration at 1–5 µm and nitrogen blanketing to maintain moisture below 150 ppm in the finished product. Published FZG gear-failure load-stage data for this specific ester/mineral-oil blend ratio are limited; prospective formulators should conduct validation on an FZG test rig under ISO 14635-1. Terminal finished product types include cold-climate circulating gear oils, mist-lubricated spindle oils, and draw-compound concentrates for aluminum sheet forming.
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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, CAS 103-23-1, is the aliphatic diester supplied under the product designation dioctyl adipate DOA. The molecular formula is C22H42O4, and the molecular weight is 370.57 g/mol. Production is carried out by direct esterification of adipic acid with 2-ethylhexanol, followed by neutralisation, water washing, and vacuum stripping to reduce acidity and residual water. Commercial grades are typically supplied with an ester content of at least 99.0%, an acid number below 0.05 mg KOH/g, and a Pt-Co colour maximum of 20. These quality parameters support use in transparent flexible PVC, plastisols, synthetic rubber compounds, and regulated food-contact films. The substance is also known as DEHA and is listed in EU 10/2011 Annex I as FCM substance 321 with a specific migration limit of 18 mg/kg.
The ester purity specification alone does not separate DOA from dioctyl phthalate; the difference is physical. DOA is a linear aliphatic adipate with branched C8 alkyl groups, whereas DOP is an aromatic ortho-phthalate ester. DOA therefore exhibits a density of 0.924–0.927 g/cm³ at 20°C and a dynamic viscosity of 12–14 mPa·s at 25°C. The solidification point is approximately −67°C, compared with −50°C for DOP and −54°C for DINP. The flash point by Cleveland open cup is generally reported at or above 196°C, lower than that of DOP or DOTP. Incoming quality-assurance testing is normally aligned to ASTM D1045 for plasticizer acidity and ester content, ASTM D4052 for density, ASTM D1209 for colour, and ASTM D445 for viscosity.
| Property | Typical range | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Ester content | ≥ 99.0% | ASTM D1045 |
| Acid number | ≤ 0.05 mg KOH/g | ASTM D1045 |
| Water content | ≤ 0.10 wt% | ASTM E203 |
| Colour | ≤ 20 Pt-Co | ASTM D1209 |
| Density at 20°C | 0.924–0.927 g/cm³ | ASTM D4052 |
| Refractive index at 25°C | 1.446–1.448 | ASTM D1218 |
| Dynamic viscosity at 25°C | 12–14 mPa·s | ASTM D445 |
| Solidification point | −67 to −65°C | ASTM D97 |
| Flash point, Cleveland open cup | ≥ 196°C | ASTM D92 |
At equal molar loading in PVC, DOA produces a lower Clash-Berg torsional stiffness temperature than DOP or DOTP. The trade-off is that DOA has a higher vapour pressure and lower extraction resistance. These differences define the application boundary for DOA as a secondary plasticizer rather than a sole plasticizer in most flexible PVC compounds.
| Property | DOA | DOP | DINP | DOTP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight | 370.57 g/mol | 390.56 g/mol | 418.61 g/mol | 390.56 g/mol |
| Dynamic viscosity at 25°C | 13 mPa·s | 56 mPa·s | 78 mPa·s | 63 mPa·s |
| Density at 20°C | 0.925 g/cm³ | 0.984 g/cm³ | 0.973 g/cm³ | 0.984 g/cm³ |
| Solidification point | −67°C | −50°C | −54°C | −48°C |
| Flash point, COC | 196°C | 218°C | 216°C | 238°C |
In flexible PVC plastisol compounding, DOA is typically incorporated at 10–30 phr as a secondary plasticizer. The plastisol viscosity response depends on the PVC emulsion resin K-value and the solvating plasticizer. A blend of DOA with a general-purpose phthalate or terephthalate plasticizer exhibits lower initial Brookfield viscosity than the phthalate alone. In a high-shear Cowles dispersion stage, the shear-thinning response reduces motor load and permits higher letdown. At gelation temperatures above 160°C, DOA contributes to faster fusion than a linear phthalate of equivalent molecular weight. However, the same aliphatic structure carries a higher vapour phase concentration during thermal processing. Production-scale ovens processing DOA-containing plastisol above 180°C require forced-air extraction and periodic cleaning of condensation zones; otherwise deposits form on cooling drums and downstream rolls. When DOA is used at high addition levels in thin-gauge film, exudation risk under compression increases in ASTM D3291 compatibility testing. Published data for specific production lines is limited, but the observed field failure mode is volatility-driven plate-out rather than primary incompatibility.
Clash-Berg torsional stiffness measured according to ASTM D1043 is the standard method for quantifying the low-temperature flexibility of plasticized PVC. DOA shifts the Clash-Berg temperature to a lower value than dioctyl phthalate at identical plasticizer loading in a suspension PVC compound. This effect is attributed to the linear aliphatic chain and reduced steric hindrance of the branched octyl group. In wire and cable jacketing, DOA is typically combined with phthalate or trimellitate esters to maintain flexibility at temperatures approaching −40°C without sacrificing tensile strength. In plastisols, replacing 10–15 phr of DINP with DOA lowers low-shear Brookfield viscosity while producing a smaller reduction in high-shear viscosity measured on a cone-and-plate rheometer at 1000 s⁻¹. The selection of DOA therefore becomes most valuable where low-shear handling and pumping are bottlenecks, rather than where high-shear coating thickness control is the critical parameter.
Differences from other products are most evident in extraction and migration. Migration kinetics in polymer matrices are faster for monomeric adipates than for branched phthalates or terephthalates under elevated temperature. In n-hexane extraction testing according to ISO 6427 or ASTM D1239, DOA shows higher mass loss than DOP or DOTP. In PVC gasket and seal formulations, this limits DOA to applications where incidental contact with oil or fuel is brief and temperature does not exceed 40°C. Poly(ethylene adipate) polymeric plasticizers with molecular weights above 6000 g/mol show lower volatility and better solvent extraction resistance but require higher processing temperatures and higher shear. DOTP offers phthalate-free positioning and lower volatility than DOA, but does not reduce plastisol viscosity to the same extent. The choice among DOA, DOTP, and polymeric adipates is therefore based on the end-use temperature range, extraction environment, and plastisol processing constraints.
Calendering of DOA-containing PVC imposes thermal control requirements that differ from a DINP compound. Because DOA has a lower flash point and higher volatility, calender roll temperatures above 160°C increase fume generation and require fume collection at the calender bank. The lower solvation viscosity of DOA also changes bank behaviour: at the same plasticizer loading, the compound enters the calender nip with lower melt viscosity, reducing separation force and allowing a wider roll gap for a given sheet thickness. Production-scale operators report that stabilizer lubrication packages must be adjusted because the aliphatic ester can extract some tin stabilizers at the roll surface, but published data for specific stabilizer interaction is limited. The lower low-temperature flex point can be exploited in refrigerator gasket sheet and cold-room curtain compounds. However, the product is not recommended as the sole plasticizer in automotive interior calendered sheet because fogging requirements under DIN 75201 or SAE J1756 are difficult to meet when DOA exceeds 20 phr. In such formulations, a mixed DOA/DOTP system with DOA at 5–15 phr is used to balance low-temperature performance and fogging resistance.
In dry-blend pelletizing lines using twin-screw extruders with L/D 36:1 or 44:1, DOA reduces torque required in the plastication zone compared with DINP at equal volume loading. The lower viscosity can reduce melt temperature at the die, but the same property may reduce melt strength in cast film, requiring a lower draw ratio and closer air-knife control. Liquid injection pumps must be recalibrated when switching from DOP to DOA because the lower viscosity changes volumetric pump slippage; mass flow controllers are preferred when batch-to-batch viscosity variation is below 0.5%. Vacuum vent fouling can occur when DOA is processed above 180°C without adequate vent-port cooling, particularly in long L/D extruders with high back pressure.
Regulatory compatibility is a separate constraint. EU 10/2011 Annex I includes bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate as FCM substance 321, with a specific migration limit of 18 mg/kg in food simulants. Compliance is verified by migration testing according to EN 1186 and EN 13130. For repeat-use rubber articles, 21 CFR 177.2600 includes DOA among permitted plasticizers, subject to the total extractives limits specified in that section. DOA is not a phthalate and does not fall under EU REACH Annex XVII entry 51 phthalate restrictions, but this does not imply equivalent permanence or toxicological profile. Users must evaluate finished-article extractives under the applicable food-contact, toy, and medical packaging standards before qualifying the material for production. In synthetic rubber and sealant applications, DOA is used at 5–20 phr in compounds requiring low-temperature flexibility without major changes in vulcanization kinetics. Sulphur cure rheometry shows minimal alteration in torque development when DOA is substituted for an aromatic process oil at equal volume. Extraction by hydrocarbon fluids is higher, so compounds for fuel contact must be qualified against ASTM D471 and ISO 1817 rather than inferred from plasticizer data alone.
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